2.3. Permanent loads

Permanent loads on a structure consist of the dead weight of the considered component and the dead weight of the other components resting on the considered component. With the aid of the tables given below the one can determine the permanent loads for a given building. Note that for specific structural elements (I-beams or hollow core slabs) separate tables may exist with information on dead weight.

Materials (structural)

Primary building materials

Table 2.2 Density of primary building materials.

Material	ρ [\(kg/m^3\)]
Dunesand
- dry	1550
- humid	1700
- saturated	1950
River- and Pebble-sand
- dry	1650
- humid	1750
- saturated	2000
Gravel
- dry	1600
- humid	1700-2000
- saturated	1922
Soil and Clay
- dry	1600
- wet	2000
Natural Stone
Basalt, Granite	2850
Limestone, Marble	2700
Shale	2700

Secondary building materials

Table 2.3 Density of secondary building materials.

Material	ρ [\(kg/m^3\)]
Ash	1000
Blast Furnace Slag	1700

Masonry

Table 2.4 Density of different types of masonry.

Material	ρ [\(kg/m^3\)]
Clinker Brick	2000
Ordinary Façadestones
- full (0% perforation)	1700
- perforated (20%)	1400
- hollow (35%)	1100
Facing Brick (20%)	1800
Sand-lime Bricks	1850

Concrete masonry units

Table 2.5 Concrete masonry densities.

Material	ρ [\(kg/m^3\)]
- light	800-1500
- medium	1500-1900
- heavy	1900-2300
Cellular Concrete	500-800
Gypsum Blocks	1100
Tiles
- porous	1900
- non porous	2300

Concrete

Table 2.6 Concrete densities.

Material	ρ [\(kg/m^3\)]
Lightweight Concrete	<2000
Normal Concrete	2300-2450
Heavy Concrete	<2800
Reinforced Concrete	2400-2550
Structural Lightweight Concrete	1200-2000
Foamed Concrete	300-1400

Note

The values above are given in [\(kg/m^3\)], which is not the same as [\(kN/m^3\)]!

Materials (all)

Table 2.7 All materials and densities.

Material	ρ [kg/m³]	Material	ρ [kg/m³]
Aluminium, cast	2768	Lead, cast	11328
Artificial stone	2304	Lead, sheet	11358
Ashes, coal	719	Marble	2642
Asphalt, paving	2308	Plaster	1538
Ballast, brick, gravel	1788	Plaster, in barrels	848
Barley, in bags	576	Potash	3276
Barley, in bulk	640	Reinforced concrete 2%	2401
Bleach, in barrels	512	Reinforced concrete 3%	2503
Blockwork	1305-2202	Rosin, in barrels	769
Brass, cast	8431	Rubber	960
Brass, rolled	8546	Saltpetre	1072
Brickwork	1549-2365	Sand, dry	1598
Bronze	8386	Sand, wet	1998
Cement, in bags	1345	Screws, nails, in packages	1600
Cement, in barrels	1168	Slate	2877
Cement, mortar	1678	Soda ash, in barrels	992
Cement, Portland loose	1438	Soda, caustic, in drums	1409
Clay, china, kaolin	2209	Steel, cast	8002
Clay, damp, plastic	1788	Steel, rolled	8002
Clay, potters, dry	1920	Straw, in bales, compress	304
Coal, loose	896	Sulphuric acid	960
Coke, loose	480	Tar	1024
Concrete, breeze	1538	Terracotta	1794
Concrete, brick	1918	Timber, pine, spruce	481
Concrete, stone	2308	Timber, pitch pine	673
Copper, cast	8801	Timber, redwood	561
Copper, rolled	8930	Timber, teak, oak	721
Crockery, in crates	640	Tin, cast	7282
Earth, dry, loose	1152	Tin, rolled	7392
Earth, dry, rammed	1788	Water, fresh	1000
Earth, moist, packed	1538	Water, sea	1024
Flint	2640	Wheat, in bags	624
Flour, in bags	721	Wheat, in bulk	721
Freestone, dressed	2398	White lead, dry	138
Freestone, rubble	2238	White lead, paste	2785
Glycerine, in cases	832	Wire, in coils	1185
Glass, in crates	960	Zinc	6993
Glass, plate	2787
Glass, sheet	2497
Granite, dressed	2642
Granite, rubble	2477
Gravel	1918

Note

The values above are given in [\(kg/m^3\)], which is not the same as [\(kN/m^3\)]!

Action per unit surface area for composed structures

Table 2.8 Force per unit surface for composed structures.

Material	[\(kN/m^2\)]	Material	[\(kN/m^2\)]
Steel façade elements	0.05-0.13	Polymer foils	0.02
Façade insulation	0.015-0.05	Corrugated sheet fibre reinforced cement
Timber floor + beams	0.3	Plate only	0.15
Steel roof sheeting	0.05-0.18	Plate + connections and purlins	0.25
- e.g. Steel roof sheet (t=0.75 mm)	0.11	corrugated sheet - polymers	0.02
Insulation and roofing	0.10-0.20	Corrugated steet - galvanized
Bitumenlayers + connectons and purlins	0.15
Glass fabric 2 layers	0.07	Roof tiles + underlay and purlins	0.65
Glass fabric 3 layers	0.1	Flat roof + beams and underlay (no gravel)	0.36
Shingles	0.07